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        <title>Binary</title>
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        <description>Binary

What do the different binary commands do?

This submenu contains commands that process binary (black and white) images. These commands assume by default objects are black and background is white. See this FAQ about how to set the default to black background and white objects.</description>
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        <title>Enhance contrast</title>
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        <description>Enhance contrast

What does enhance contrast do?

Enhances image contrast by using either histogram stretching or histogram equalization. Both methods are described in detail in the Hypermedia Image Processing Reference. Look up “enhancement” in the index. This command does not alter pixel values as long as</description>
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        <title>FFT</title>
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        <description>FFT

The commands in this submenu support frequency domain display, editing and processing. They are based on an implementation of the 2D Fast Hartley Transform (FHT) contributed by Arlo Reeves, the author of the ImageFFT spinoff of NIH Image. For 3D FHTs, check out Bob Dougherty&#039;s</description>
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        <title>Filters</title>
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        <description>Filters

What do the filters in the filters sub-menu do?

This submenu contains miscellaneous filters and plugin filters that have been installed by the Plugins/Utilities/Install Plugin command. For more information, refer to the Hypermedia Image Processing Reference at</description>
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        <title>Find edges</title>
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        <description>Find edges

What does the find edges filter do ?

Uses a Sobel edge detector to highlight sharp changes in intensity in the active image or selection. Two 3×3 convolution kernels (shown below) are used to generate vertical and horizontal derivatives. The final image is produced by combining the two derivatives using the square root of the sum of the squares.</description>
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        <title>Image Calculator</title>
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        <description>Image Calculator

What does the Image Calculator command do ?

Performs arithmetic and logical operations between two images selected from popup menus. Image1 or both Image1 and Image2 can be stacks. If both are stacks, they must have the same number of slices.</description>
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        <title>Math</title>
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        <description>Math

What do the mathematical operations do?

The commands in this submenu add (subtract, multiply, etc.) a constant to each pixel in the active image or selection. When the result value overflows/underflows the legal range of the image&#039;s data type, the value is reset to the maximum/minimum value. With stacks, selections are ignored and the specified operation is performed on all slices in the stack.</description>
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        <title>Noise</title>
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        <description>Noise

What do the Noise filters do?

Use the commands in this submenu to add noise to images or remove it. For more advanced capabilities, check out Erik Meijering&#039;s RandomJ package (Binomial, Exponential, Gamma, Gaussian, Poisson and Uniform) at  www.imagescience.org/meijering/software/randomj/.</description>
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        <title>Repeat command</title>
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        <description>Repeat command

What does the repeat command do ?

It re-runs the previous command. The Undo and Open commands are skipped. For a shortcut, type Shift-R.</description>
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        <title>Shadows</title>
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        <description>Shadows

What do the shadows filters do?

Commands in this submenu produce a shadow effect, with light appearing to come from a direction corresponding to the command name. The commands use Convolve3x3, ImageJ&#039;s 3×3 convolution function. Two of the convolution kernels are shown in the illustration. Shadows Demo uses all eight kernels to demonstrate the speed of Convolve3x3.</description>
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        <title>Sharpen</title>
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        <description>Sharpen

What does the sharpen filter do?

Increases contrast and accentuates detail in the image or selection, but may also accentuate noise. This filter uses the following weighting factors to replace each pixel with a weighted average of the 3×3 neighborhood.</description>
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        <title>Smooth</title>
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        <description>Smooth

What does the smooth filter do ?

The smooth filter blurs the active image or selection. This filter replaces each pixel with the average of its 3×3 neighborhood.

The kernel for this filter is:
1 1 1
1 1 1
1 1 1</description>
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        <title>Subtract background</title>
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        <description>Subtract background

What does the subtract background command do?

Removes smooth continuous backgrounds from gels and other images. Based on the a “rolling ball” algorithm described in Stanley Sternberg&#039;s article, “Biomedical Image Processing</description>
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